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Variations sur une quarte dans le Whoniverse

vendredi 9 avril 2010, par Valentin Villenave

Quelques similitudes intéressantes dans les musiques de la série Doctor Who et ses dérivées...

Après avoir écrit un article terriblement long et sérieux sur la série britannique Doctor Who, je me devais d’aborder d’un peu plus près la musique de cette série.[sommaire]

Le thème

Le thème de Doctor Who a étonnamment peu varié depuis sa création en 1963. On est alors en plein âge d’or de la musique concrète et l’on voit apparaître les premiers synthétiseurs analogiques ; il est très intéressant de voir que le générique de la série fait appel à des techniques expérimentales de pointe pour l’époque, et généralement réservées au domaine de la musique savante contemporaine plutôt qu’à la télévision.

La mélodie, en elle-même, est assez simple ; notons tout de même la neuvième mineure du début, assez audacieuse (et qui sera remplacée par une bête sixte mineure bien plus convenue dans certaines versions ultérieures, notamment le télé-film américain de 1996).

Nous sommes clairement en mi mineur ; la raison pour laquelle je ne mets pas de fa dièse à la clé est que les premières versions du thème font intervenir un fa naturel, ce qui a pu laisser dire (à tort) que ce thème était conçu dans un mode phrygien :

Les versions ultérieures du thème, comme on va le voir, font usage du fa dièse et sont clairement en mi mineur.

Si vous voulez consulter les différentes versions successives du thème, je vous laisse suivre ce lien (qui sera probablement dépassé très vite). À titre de curiosité, je vous invite également à jeter un coup d’œil à ce clip de 1988, par un groupe du (sympathique) nom de Kopyright Liberation Front.

Depuis le onzième Docteur, la musique a fait également l’objet d’importants changements, principalement cosmétiques, sur lesquels le présent article ne s’attardera pas.

Où il est question d’un tétracorde

Les dernières versions en date du thème sont dues au compositeur Murray Gold. Après bien des modulations, le mi mineur est de retour, et pour cause : il semble que les pistes originelles du thème aient été utilisées, mixées avec une bande symphonique sur laquelle je reviens dans un instant.

Une différence importante, quoique pas si perceptible que cela dans la version de 2003 : de ternaire, le thème est devenu binaire.

L’ambiguïté demeure entre 3/4 et 6/8 ; cependant un nouvel arrangement, en 2005, viendra appuyer avec une batterie le côté binaire — qui n’était jamais apparu dans aucune des versions précédentes.

Ce nouvel arrangement fait également intervenir un riff de violons, que j’ai ici reproduit. En détaché sur la corde ré, les violons donnent une dynamique bienvenue : là où le motif de basse initial était une retombée (les valeurs brèves répétées tombaient sur le temps fort), ce motif (qui sera surnommé "la poursuite" par les fans, si j’en crois Wikipédia), est une levée : il fait signe vers le temps fort, qui n’est même pas donné par les violons.

Les trois notes détachées, s’enchaînant avec le temps fort, rappellent évidemment les quatre notes répétées de la basse (c’est d’ailleurs ce même rythme qui servira de signature, comme je l’ai déjà indiqué, au personnage du Maître, en particulier dans les épisodes The Sound of Drums et The End of Time).

J’ai coupé le motif en question (non sans quelque mauvaise foi) avant qu’il fasse intervenir le ré dièse grave, pour bien montrer qu’il se situe avant tout dans le tétracorde inférieur (autrement dit, les quatre premières notes) de la gamme de mi mineur :

Ce qui m’amène au véritable objet de cet article. En effet, les motifs en notes conjointes (particulièrement descendantes) me semblent être un véritable tic d’écriture (d’autres diraient "une ficelle") de Murray Gold.

Similitudes motiviques

Récapitulons les caractéristiques de ce motif : il est énergique (motorique, pour employer un terme plus musical), donné aux cordes avec un coup d’archet détaché et dans le grave de leur tessiture, et son étendue ne dépasse pas une quarte.

À partir de maintenant, je vous propose de travailler en ré mineur ; voici le motif de "poursuite", transposé dans cette tonalité.

Écoutons maintenant un extrait du tout dernier épisode de Doctor Who qui vient d’être diffusé au moment où j’écris cet article ; il s’agit du premier épisode avec le onzième Docteur, The Eleventh Hour, vers 47 minutes.

Voici le motif utilisé, toujours aux violons. Vous noterez la métrique irrégulière 7/8, qui passe comme une lettre à la poste (exactement suivant le même principe que la métrique du thème de Mission Impossible) :

Quelques minutes plus tard, le voici un tout petit peu plus développé. Dès l’entrée du tutti orchestral, on quitte le 7/8 pour un 4/4 plus carré — et plus facile à mettre en place pour tout un orchestre et des chœurs (notez également la montée des basses sur un tétracorde, qui module ensuite, puis la note pédale de do) :

Voici un autre exemple, cette fois tiré de la série Torchwood, dérivée de Doctor Who, qui me semble être de la même veine que les motifs abordés plus haut, dans une version sans doute plus "rock" (on est d’ailleurs dans du 4/4 bien costaud, bien binaire).

Il est ici présenté en do, puis ré mineur (à 1’42). Il sonne d’ailleurs beaucoup mieux en ré (cordes à vide, etc.), et c’est dans cette tonalité que nous allons le retrouver plus bas. Voici ce nouveau riff de violons, qui est donné successivement à différentes octaves :

On retrouve ici toutes les caractéristiques des motifs précédents.

La construction harmonique derrière ces motif ; est toujours une grille d’accords courante, en carrures de quatre mesures. Dans le tout dernier exemple ci-dessus, la basse (doublée dans le médium par un son synthétique qui masque quelque peu les cordes) progresse par un mouvement conjoint ascendant, également sur une quarte (le même tétracorde utilisé dans le motif).

On pourrait également faire un parallèle avec d’autres musiques de films, notamment les deux derniers Batman de Hans Zimmer qui font un usage abondant de la tonalité de ré mineur et de cordes jouées spiccato. Peut-être n’est-il pas anodin que le Captain Jack Harkness, le Docteur et l’homme chauve-souris soient tous trois des héros solitaires dotés d’une dimension sombre ?

Des descentes expressives

Le goût de Murray Gold pour les mouvements conjoints étendus sur une quarte ne se limite pas aux éléments motoriques ; les descentes conjointes sont également utilisées pour leur expressivité.

Je parlais plus haut de l’épisode The Eleventh Hour ; à la fin de l’épisode, lorsque le personnage d’Amy Pond découvre le Tardis, on peut entendre cette musique très réussie, à la fois envoûtante et expressive avec ses descentes de longueurs et de rythmes variables, jouée au piano :

Au bout de quelques mesures, le motif se calme et se stabilise sur un intervalle de quarte :

Ce motif évoque irrésistiblement le thème dit "de Owen Harper", dans Torchwood. Dans l’extrait suivant on peut l’entendre, lui aussi au piano, puis à l’orchestre, où il est accompagné du motif précédemment cité (cette fois en ré mineur et à l’octave supérieure) :

Voici ce "thème d’Owen Harper" ; comme vous pouvez le voir il est simplement constitué de motifs descendants conjoints sur une quarte, avec une progression harmonique toute simple. Là encore, nous sommes en ré mineur.

Pompage, pompages

Il est certain qu’aucun des procédés mis en lumière ci-dessus n’est exclusif, ni même spécifique, à la série Doctor Who ni au "Whoniverse" en général. Cependant, il est intéressant de voir comment se construit l’identité musicale d’un auteur ou d’une série, et il me semble que les quelques exemples cités jusqu’à présent sont à ce titre parlants.

Je voudrais terminer ce survol avec le thème suivant, qui n’est pas de Murray Gold ni en rien apparenté à quelque série télévisée que ce soit :

On retrouve ici la quarte descendante, les mouvements conjoints, et même le tétracorde ascendant à la basse.

Ce motif est en fait extrait... de mon propre opéra, où il joue un rôle assez important et se trouve (mal)traité à plusieurs sauces très différentes. Voici par exemple un aperçu de l’Entracte que je m’étais amusé à écrire à cette occasion [Licence CC-by-nc-sa, nécessite Firefox 3.6 ou supérieur].

Alors que j’étais en pleine rédaction de la partition, je me suis un jour rendu compte que ce que j’écrivais n’était pas éloigné de la musique de la saison 2 de Torchwood et notamment le "thème d’Owen" dont j’ai parlé ci-dessus : les quatres premières notes, le tempo et le fonctionnement général sont exactement les mêmes. (Ce n’est d’ailleurs pas la seule influence perceptible dans la partition ; il y en a d’autres, parfois même encore moins avouables...)

Je parlais au début de cet article de l’influence de la musique concrète sur le thème de Doctor Who ; cette dernière illustration montre, à son tour, combien les langages et les styles musicaux sont plus perméables que l’on voudrait parfois nous le faire accroire.

Les quelques exemples cités ci-dessus sont loin d’être exhaustifs. Après avoir mis en ligne cet article, je viens de tomber sur cette vidéo de fan dont la musique a probablement été pompée quelque part dans Doctor Who (la première saison du dixième Docteur ?), et fait intervenir le motif suivant :

On retrouve du ré mineur, et un motif confiné dans le tétracorde inférieur de la gamme. Cependant le motif est donné aux vents (la flûte dans le grave) au lieu des violons, et me semble moins motorique que ceux que j’ai cités dans l’article.

Après avoir vu le deuxième épisode avec Matt Smith, il semble que le motif à 7/8 que j’évoquais plus haut soit en fait le thème "officiellement" associé au onzième Docteur ; nous serons donc amenés à le retrouver plus d’une fois. Lisez aussi l’article de Pierre Sérisier sur la présentation du onzième Docteur, qui revient sur l’épisode The Eleventh Hour longuement évoqué ici.

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